≃ 58. 2. The KiCad PCB Calculator is a set of utilities to help you find the values of components or other parameters of a layout. Simulation Setup. Conductor. To get an idea of the parameters, R' would represent the d. 4, that's why there is a difference in impedance values of microstrip and stripline. The Microstrip Impedance Calculator is an online tool designed to help engineers and technicians calculate the characteristic impedance of a microstrip transmission line. This calculator helps you determine the magnitude of the crosstalk that could occur on a microstrip given its dimensions and source voltage. PCB Structures / Discrete Structures / Signal Management. 6 GHz. 1 High Impedance; 4. There are several configurations of PCB microstrip: Surface Microstrip. This means that on each side of the feed line there should be a distance of 1/2 the microstrip width on each side of the microstrip between the microstrip feed line and the patch antenna. The trace resistance of a microstrip is important in determining how much power it dissipates. The nice part about coax is that it can be bent and flexible unlike most pcb transmission lines. Calculate and plot the S-parameters at this frequency range. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. Stripline routing has a big advantage in being sandwiched. H. 3: Normalized characteristic impedance and normalized effective permittivity of a microstrip line as a function of u = w / h. Most formulas calculate impedance from width, because width is a boundary condition and it's easier to calculate forward from a boundary condition, than backwards to reconstruct it. Reference [1] Omicalculator Cross TalkIf have doubt, please leave comment. Thickness: Thickness of the stripline conductor. This is a natural way to implement a transmission line on a printed circuit board, and so accounts for an important and expansive range of applications. TX-LINE software enables users to enter either physical or electrical characteristics for common transmission mediums: microstrip, stripline, coplanar. TX-LINE software is a free and easy-to-use Windows-based interactive transmission line calculator for the analysis and synthesis of transmission line structures. A microstrip transmission line consists of a conductive trace of controlled width on a low-loss dielectric mounted on a conducting ground plane. Just as was the case with microstrip impedance calculators, stripline impedance calculators tend to rely on either the IPC-2141 formulas or on Wadell’s equations. SIW is a transition between microstrip and dielectric-filled waveguide (DFW). 1: Microstrip transmission line structure and design parameters. 11. Wadell's equations: These microstrip impedance equations are found in Brian C. This is the pattern of the strip where (b) shows three lines of. Patch antenna with a quarter-wavelength matching section. Note: the inset distance y 0 must be in the range 0 < y 0 < L/2 (can’t go past middle of patch!). >2. The default units for all given values, except the subtrate. 0075e-6) creates a microstrip transmission line with thickness of 0. There is also a dielectric material placed above the conductor. Overview. Figure 5. In most practical cases, the dielectric substrate is electrically thin, that is, h ≪ λ. To use this calculator, simply input your microstrip geometry and Dk value, and the tool will return the differential impedance value for a pair of microstrip traces. Useful converters and calculators. Microstrip Transmission Lines. Visit to learn about our other electrical engineering tools & resources. 4: Normalized even-mode and odd-mode effective. While this calculator will provide a baseline, any final design considerations should be made towards loss, dispersion, copper roughness, phase shift, etc. plotted on a log-log scale, of a 1 inch long microstrip transmission line built on FR4. New expressions are. **Note: Like our stripline impedance calculator, all of our RF calculators allow SI prefix input. Figure 1. 60. Microstrip Transmission Line Models. A stripline has two references, often multiple ground planes, and are surrounded with the dielectric. deepcold said: thanks. 5 GHz. This tool is designed to calculate the correct dimensions of a microstrip patch antenna if the operating frequency and the dielectric constant of the material used, is known. The different transmission line forms have different (Q)s. e. Mitchai Chongcheawchamnan. Microstrip has conductors embedded in two dielectric mediums and cannot support a pure TEM mode. Clemson Vehicular Electronics Laboratory: Transmission Line Impedance Calculator. 11. 44 x A0. This parameter is used for the loss calculations. A variant of coplanar waveguide is formed when a ground plane is provided on the opposite side of the dielectric, which is called finite ground-plane coplanar waveguide (FGCPW), or more simply, grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW). Microstrip Wavelength Calculator A tool designed to calculate the guided wavelength inside a microstrip. , the feed or patch) can be calculated using r,eff 0 r,eff 60 8 ln 1 1 1. 4. The lossless transmission line configurations considered in this section are used as circuit elements in RF designs and are used elsewhere in this book series. Wr is a correction factor defined as Wr = W + 1. If the dielectric constant of the material is not known, you can choose to put in the velocity of. Also, any two models that agree with the data to better than. Transcalc. So, the dielectric at my 5-6GHz frequency range is 3. The new version includes: Additional dielectric materials. The transmission line types and the reference of their mathematical models are listed below: M. 7. 76mm Rogers4350B substrate at a certain frequency and with 35 micron copper thickness, line width becomes 0. A microstrip transmission line feed directly connects a fields are concentrated between the microstrip line and ground is electrically thin (<λ/50) and has a large permittivity relative . Odd mode delta L =. 1 Small Reflection Theory and Tapered Lines. coupledmicrostrip = coupledMicrostripLine (Name=Value) sets Properties using one or more name-value arguments. A transmission line calculator for RF/microwave engineers. This is entirely different from leakage resistance of the dielectric separating the two conductors,. Surprisingly linecalc tool in QUCS or ADS gives opposite result: 50 ohm line width increases with frequency. This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of an edge-coupled microstrip. The rule of thumb in designing the transmission line is to space the top ground plane gap G at least 1. 1: Microstrip transmission line structure and design parameters. The dielectric constant of air is 1,and the dielectric constant inside the pcb stackup is usually 1. While commonly constructed using printed circuit boards, this structure can also be built using other materials as long as there is a conductor separated from. Pasternack PCB Microstrip Calculator is an online calculation tool that lets you compute a microstrip's height/width ratio, impedance and relative dielectric constant for a microstrip transmission line. 2. So two estimates have been calculated for the frequency at which the first higher-order. A signal travels on a PCB transmission line at a slower speed, affected by the dielectric constant (Er) of the PCB material. 1,283. (© CC BY SA 3. 19. The twisted pair helps create a more uniform inductance and capacitance per unit length of wire to ensure a constant impedance, by keeping the return path as close to the signal as possible. zo depends upon the geometry and the material of the transmission line. c) The wavelength of the line at 10 GHz. 18 mm) and the trace thickness (T)(0. Tutorial 2: Dispersion Diagram I: Parallel Plate. It's time for a Microwaves101 Rule of Thumb! For pure alumina (ε R =9. There's nothing special about microstrip. if. 9 GHz. Microstrip Impedance Calculator. A microstrip is created by etching a trace on a printed circuit board and is mostly used in microwave applications. A basic schematic is shown in Fig. 0075e-6) creates a microstrip transmission line with thickness of 0. TX-LINE software is a FREE and interactive transmission-line utility for the analysis and synthesis of transmission-line structures that can be used directly in Cadence ® AWR ® Microwave Office ® software for matching-circuits, couplers, and other high-frequency designs. To use this tool, enter the values for. Γ0 = Z01 − ZS Z01 + ZS Γn = Zn + 1 − Zn Zn + 1 + Zn ΓN = ZL − Z0N ZL + Z0N. Our RF calculators and converters will provide the figures you need for your radio frequency engineering needs. Microstrip Calculator. It represents the ability of a microstrip transmission line to store electrical charge per unit voltage. μ0 = 4π ⋅ 10 − 7H m: the free space permeability. λ is the wavelength of the signal in free space. Asymmetric and symmetric versions of a stripline can be. 2: Stepped-impedance transmission line transformer with the n th section having characteristic impedance Z0n and electrical length θn. Choose a calculator to tune your PCB design. Cadence/AWR. Application Design Tool. These parameters are crucial in designing and. TX-LINE software is a free and easy-to-use Windows-based interactive transmission line calculator for the analysis and synthesis of transmission line structures. New Online Microwave Impedance Calculator. The propagation of electrical signals through PCB traces is not instantaneous; it is subject to a delay. As was mentioned earlier, this is the dielectric loss in units of dB per unit length in a transmission line: Where: G = Conductance pul of the dielectric. Here's a simple spreadsheet that will help you understand the concept of frequency translatorsCoupled-line filters are also compact and can be implemented in microstrip configurations or most of the other transmission line technologies. For example, with microstrip, you can specify the substrate parameters (primarily thickness and dielectric constant) and use Linecalc to calculate the impedance for a given line width; this is the “analysis” mode. I calculated that the microstrip width should be around 0. transmission line types. 3. Signals with a rise time of 5 nanoseconds or less put them into the category of high-speed signals. 1,312. 3mil seems like a substantial enough difference. Additional benefits of patch antennas is that they are easily fabricated making them cost effective. The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. The application is started with CTRL+3 or in the menu "Tools". When in doubt, use 1 for copper, . g. Additional benefits of patch antennas is that they are easily fabricated making them cost effective. Ground plane is assumed to be perfectly conducting and of infinite extent. For example, txline = txlineMicrostrip ('Width',0. microstrip (Name,Value) sets properties using one or more name-value pairs. Press Analyze to see the results. The central strip has a width of 2. At low frequencies near 0 GHz, the input impedance is inductive since. For fixed line impedance on microstrip (such as fifty ohms), dielectric loss is almost constant for any thickness substrate. This calculator can determine the characteristic impedance and effective dielectric constant of a microstrip transmission line. There is also some coupling between the lines. 5. For example, a transmission needs to route to an internal layer and is coming onto a board through a coaxial cable. Something likely shown in gure2should appear. It was invented because of the undesirable effects on coaxial cable when signals in the microwave range propagate through it. The Microstrip Differential Impedance Calculator simplifies the process of determining the differential impedance of a microstrip transmission line. example. 6mm at 10GHz. Planar transmission lines have moderate (Q)s especially at high frequencies, due principally to. 3mil seems like a substantial enough difference. microstrip returns a microstrip transmission line object whose properties are set to their default values. 2 and:Description. H eff = H 1 + H 2 2 H e f f = H 1 + H 2 2. So if you have a 1/8 (electrical wavelength) wavelength of RG-58/U it will measure 50 ohms on a bridge. Then the transverse field is dominant and the fields are called quasi-TEM. Microwave Theory Tech. To calculate the width of a microstrip,. It also provides examples and references for further reading. Microstrip Transmission Line Models. The width of the conducting layer is important to calculate. Web-based and easy to use. The calculator produces more accurate results than the IPC formulas for impedance because it implements a more. This is because the microstrip line is lossy. 0565e-07 G: 9. to NF. Figure 5. Elementary transmission line theory, millimeter-wave concerns Signal launch •Signal launch is extremely critical to get the energy from one interconnect (coaxial cable) to another interconnect (transmission line PCB) •Example using a microstrip transmission line •Microstrip is a 2 copper layer PCB having a signal layer and ground layerA microstrip refers to a planar communicating line that lies outside the material of the dielectric. This tool is designed to calculate the resistance of a microstrip trace with a copper conductor. The synthesis portion calculates the required physical parameters to meet desired electrical. 1. Modeling approximation can be used to understand the impedance of. Microstrip Width Formula or Equation. )Stripline has Better EMI Characteristics. This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of a microstrip - a flat conductor suspended over a ground plane with a dielectric between them (see diagram below). The basic model of a microstrip transmission line is shown in Fig. ANALYSIS OF MICROSTRIP TRANSMISSION LINES 81 tained from this structure by letting ei* = e2*, 3*'=1, and d--><*>, where ei*, 2* and 3* are the relative dielectric constants. However, the minimum εe will be greater than 1 as electrical energy will be distributed in air and dielectric. 2 1. Impedance calculationWhich occurs when the line length is set to: 0 0 2 4 βAA=⇒=π λ Once again, our design rule is to set the transmission line length to a value equal to one-quarter wavelength (at the design frequency). Models have been created to approximate the characteristics of the wire microstrip transmission line. The effective dielectric constant drives the length of the taper, this effect was not. Single-stub matching is a very common method for impedance matching using microstrip lines at frequences in the UHF band (300-3000 MHz) and above. Polar or rectangular grids only allow direct reading of S11. Hence, the transmission line can only lie over the lower and upper PCB layers. Added calculation for Electrical Length as Air Line equivalent; Added calculation for Delay time ; Known Issues: Norton (Symantec) false positive. A microstrip transmission line involves inductance associated with the flow of current in the conductor and capacitance associated with the strip separated from ground by the dielectric substrate. Height: Height of the substrate. Consider a microstrip transmission line from Transmission Lines. Equation 11. 6 GHz f Higher-Microstrip = c / ( 4 h ε r − 1) = 10. 0 GHz; the width of the microstrip is designed for 50 Ω and the length for a 180 degree phase delay. 1 3. So, the Microstrip line was compared to an antenna, and it wasn’t until about 15 years. Calculate your microstrip transmission line; Calculate your microstrip transmission line; Its gives you the impedance based on different parameters. A course concerning distributed-elements analysis and design of electric circuits at microwave frequencies. jp calculator gives: 9mm at 5GHz. It is routed on the PCB surface and surrounded by two environments: PCB material and air . Relative Dielectric Constant ( εr ): Track Width: mm. Introduction to dispersion diagrams and eigenmode simulator. Design a 50 Ohm microstrip line on a substrate of height 0. W is the width of the microstrip trace. Microstrip Characteristic Impedanceloaded is replaced by a microstrip transmission line, which is closer to the actual demand. Overview. The spacer material is. The reason these are so popular is that they can be mass produced. Stripline is a transmission line trace surrounded by dielectric material suspended between two ground planes on internal layers of a PCB. Microstrip Transmission Line Characteristic Impedance Calculator Using The IPC-2141 Formula. The effective dielectric constant drives the length of the taper, this effect was not. 3%, are. Relative Dielectric Constant ( εr ): Track Width (S): mm. Shielded double-layer microstrip line. Caculation of RLGC Parameters of TEM Transmission Lines The only things that would matter are: 1) if the line length were very long, say 4 inches, the signal will loose some of its power. The impedance Z 0 of a transmission line consisting of a circular signal conductor having a diameter d and centered between parallel ground planes separated by a distance h is given by: Eq. 393 0. 5. 2 (b–g)) are modeled by capacitive elements if the E E field is affected and by inductive elements if the H H field (or current) is disturbed. If there is an insulator around the wire then this calculator will be an estimate. 76mm Rogers4350B substrate at a certain frequency and with 35 micron copper thickness, line width becomes 0. Impedance in Ohms. It represents the ability of a microstrip transmission line to store electrical charge per unit voltage. As the surface roughness goes from low to high, the conductor losses also increase. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Calculator. Figure 1. 19. For instance, the model for coaxial cables will differ from microstrip transmission lines only by their parameters R', L', G' and C'. This very reasonable. The characteristic impedance Z0 of the transmission line with respect to. Transmission line attenuation Rule of Thumb #80. One of these is covered with a photosensitive material, called a. A microstrip is a type of transmission line that consists of a conductor fabricated on dielectric substrate with a grounded plane. Z0;A Parallel Strip line is similar to a two conductor transmission line. It uses linear interpolation, and is explained on this page. To calculate the width of a microstrip, you will need some parameters. For example, microstrip = microstripLine (Length=0. 1 3. 2 enable the electrical characteristics to be determined given the material properties and the physical dimensions of a microstrip line. 3. 001; Calculate the RLGC values of microstrip transmission line at 1 GHz. Characteristic Impedance (Ohms): This calculator tool includes everything needed to calculate the lossless impedance of a stripline. The. The edge couple differential microstrip transmission line is a common technique for routing differential traces. I tried the following equations: R + jωL γ = γ G + jωC [Ω] R = αZ0 [Ω] L = βZ0 ω [H] G = α Z0 [S] C = β ωZ0 [F] R + j ω L γ = γ G + j ω C [ Ω] R = α Z 0 [ Ω] L = β Z 0 ω [H] G = α Z 0 [S] C = β ω Z 0 [F] The. 72mil. These parameters are. Transmission Line Calculators 5. Slot Line Calculator. Here's a "reverse microstrip calculator" a spreadsheet that lets you specify impedance and solves for line width. txline = txlineMicrostrip (Name,Value) sets Properties using one or more name-value pairs. (1): Parallel coupled band pass filter at 3. Figure (PageIndex{7}): Microstrip transmission line. To create a 50 Ohm microstrip you need to know: 1) the dielectric constant of the PCB material between the strip and the ground plane; 2) the thickness of the PCB material between the strip and. In fact, striplines often make components such as band-pass filter's more accurately, with more symmetric roll-off and no lower cutoff frequency. Given εr, w,. A cross-sectional view is shown in Figure 1. In this section, zo is calculated for four common transmission lines — coaxial, twin-lead, parallel plate, and microstrip. Introducing the newest version of the Microwave Impedance Calculator from Rogers’ Advanced Connectivity Solutions. These parameters are. A stripline resembles a microstrip line and comprises a center conductor pattern symmetrically embedded completely within a dielectric, the top and bottom layers of which are conducting ground planes. 6 mils line width, and the effective dielectric constant is 6. 4. 3 enable the electrical characteristics to be determined given the material properties and the physical dimensions of a microstrip line. The calculator below uses Wadell’s equations to determine the differential impedance of symmetric striplines, which can be found in the seminal textbook Transmission Line Design Handbook. A Clemson ECE635 Project by Adam Schreiber and Jason Byers. The electric (E) ( E) and magnetic (H) ( H) field lines are shown with the line thickness indicating field strength. 7mil. MicroStrip Calculator . 45 for gold. The MWI-2017 Microwave Impedance Calculator software is able to calculate key parameters for most common microwave transmission lines, including microstrip, stripline, and coplanar-waveguide transmission lines. c. 1 of the Microstrip Calculator using H2 in place of h, εr,eff can be computed as specified in Eq. Linecalc gives line width similar to well-known. Atwater, “Simplified Design Equations for Microstrip Line Parameters”, Microwave Journal, pp. 0046 meters. A Grounded CPW transmission line calculator. W W = trace width. ice. 98mil. The microstrip is a very simple yet useful way to create a transmission line with a PCB. Sorted by: 1. Microstrip transmission line: It is composed of a single uniform trace located on the outer layer of a board and parallel to a conducting ground plane. This calculator can calculate the impedance and propagation delay of the embedded microstrip. Example. Consider a transmission line of length L terminated by load impedance of ZL. You get the idea. Square wave response calcuration of coaxial cables and twin-leads. The advantages of coplanar waveguide are that active devices can be mounted on top of the circuit, like on. 2. Reference: R. Friis Transmission Calculator. This results in only a portion of the signal passing through and causes un-necessary reflections in the system which degrades performance. Article. By determining its trace resistance, the contribution of a microstrip to the overall circuit resistance can be evaluated. Stripline. Hits: 6158. Enter values for W and L for a microstrip line to determine its Zo and Electrical Length. Wire Inductance. The microstrip is a very simple yet useful way to create a transmission line with a PCB. Target Impedance (Z0) Trace Thickness (t) mils. Gain Uncertainty due to Mismatch Calculator. Dielectric filled waveguide is converted to substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) by the help of vias for the side walls of the waveguide. At the radiating patch, it is desirableThe Transmission Line Parameter Calculator app computes resistance (R), inductance (L), conductance (G), and capacitance (C) as well as the characteristic impedance and propagation constant for some common transmission lines types: coaxial line, twin lead, microstrip line, and coplanar waveguide (CPW). 1: Parallel-plate waveguide showing electric, E E, and magnetic, H H, field lines. 39 for the effective dielectric constant. The results should only be used as an estimate for the waveport size. The stripline has the advantage over the microstrip to improve isolation between adjacent traces. The input impedance of such a transmission line is identical to that of the inductor or capacitor at the design frequency. h = rfckt. 1. This value was. TX-LINE software is a FREE and interactive transmission-line utility for the analysis and synthesis of transmission-line structures that can be used directly in Cadence ® AWR ® Microwave Office ® software for matching-circuits, couplers, and other high-frequency designs. The electrical parameters may be determined from specified physical parameters, or the physical parameters required to meet a given set of electrical parameters may be found. Coplanar Waveguide With Ground Characteristic Impedance Calculator. View. Discrete Structures. The electrical parameters may be determined from specified physical parameters, or the physical parameters required to meet a given set of electrical parameters may be found. h = rfckt. This calculator provides accurate microstrip transmission line analysis and synthesis. A Coplanar strip line is formed by two conducting strips with one strip grounded, both being placed on the same substrate surface, for convenient connections. Microstrip Resistance. Microstrip patch antenna input impedance in the fundamental mode (i, j, k) = (1, 0, 0). In this model,EEWeb offers a free online microstrip crosstalk calculator. When you make a ninety degree bend in a transmission line you add a small amount of capacitance. S-Parameters of Microstrip Transmission Lines. How do you calculate propagation delay of a transmission line? To calculate the propagation delay of a transmission line, you need to know the length of. Using this calculator, the. This textbook presents an impedance equation and some constraint equations that specify the range of geometric parameters for which the calculator will produce accurate impedance calculations. Rogers. Caculation of RLGC Parameters of TEM Transmission Lines TEM (transverse electromagnetic) - Transverse field only: Ez = Hz = 0 - Number of conductors ≥ 2 - Cutoff frequency fc = 0The only things that would matter are: 1) if the line length were very long, say 4 inches, the signal will loose some of its power. The MWI-2017 Microwave Impedance Calculator software doesn’t replace sophisticated. If there is an insulator around the wire then this calculator will be an estimate. Microstrip Transmission Line Models. Cadence/AWR. ? H e C C 0 8. Keysight N9914A vector network analyzer is used to carry out the measurements of various parameters of the fabricated CSRR based BSF such as reflection coefficient, transmission coefficient, and. 1 dB loss through port 2 at the design frequency, whereas there is about a 4 dB loss through port 3. Description. 1 Simple Transmission Line Model This transmission line model [8–10] was the first technique employed to analyze a rectangular microstrip antenna by Munson in 1974 [8]. 4. Edge coupled microstrip impedances (Z 0,odd, Z 0,even, Z 0,diff and Z 0,common) shall be calculated as specified in previous paragraph. One of the features of this type of microstrip is the coupling between lines. 24. Discontinuities (Figure 5. 4. This is a required field. It's just a trace on an outer layer over a sufficiently large area of ground plane on another layer. There are many impedance calculators with stripline and microstrip models that are available for making these calculations. Quarter-wave impedance transformer placed between a transmission line with impedance Z0 and load with impedance ZL. 15, in this work theTransmission Line . Inputs Dielectric Constant Velocity of Propagation Width Height Input Frequency Output Wavelength: mm. Microstrip; Embedded Microstrip; Symmetric Stripline; Asymmetric Stripline; Wire Microstrip; Wire Stripline; Edge-Coupled Microstrip;. A simple tool to calculate parameters for an edge fed/inset fed/probe fed patch antenna or microstrip antenna. 2 and a height of 1. Try This New Tool. It consists of a conductor trace on a dielectric substrate with a ground plane. The simplified test bench setup shown in the above figure is used to measure the cross talk between two microstrip lines on a grounded substrate. For an embedded (internal) microstrip, the formulas provided in paragraph 4. The Smith Chart graphically maps S11=reflection coefficient= (ZL-Z0)/ (ZL+Z0) to Load Impedance (ZL), normalized to Z0 (source impedance = center of chart). The video shows how to use variables and param. Microstrip Calculator computes a microstrip's height/width ratio, impedance and relative dielectric constant for a microstrip transmission line. Therefore, the transmission line model is one of the most intuitively appealing models for a microstrip antenna. **Note: Like our stripline impedance calculator, all of our RF calculators allow SI prefix input. with electrodes very close to the microstrip. In Figure 3. Key factors are the relative permittivity (εr) of the dielectric material, the cross-sectional area (A) of the microstrip, and the. 444 c h W W. Calculate the dielectric constant (Dk) of a circuit material when tested as microstrip transmission line circuits. 37mm for a 50 ohm. solution for microstrip transmission lines," E. For example, rfckt. 946 for silver, or 1. 4mil and the dielectric thickness to the first intermediate layer (this is a 4-layer board) is 6. Microstrip Line Calculator Welcome to this engineering tutorial where we will explore the concept of a microstrip line and its calculation. transmission line calculator for the analysis and synthesis of transmission lineNote the stub is attached in parallel at the source end of the primary line. Result: Microstrip Patch Antennas (or simply patch antenna) are increasingly useful because the antenna is printed directly onto a circuit board. Matlab/Freemat file 1. Advanced Electronics Solutions. Tutorial 1: Microstrip Patch Antenna. "Mitering" the bend chops off some capacitance, restoring the line back to it's original characteristic. There is a dielectric material between them. Dielectric Thickness: mm. The IPC Formulas and Wadell’s Method. VSWR Calculator.